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Jacob Groenewegen
Jacob Groenewegen (died 22 May 1609) was a Dutch merchant, who was the leading merchant (''opperkoopman'') on the fleet under Pieter Willemsz. Verhoeff that left Texel on December 21, 1607, and arrived in Bantam on February 15, 1609. Like Verhoeff, he died on May 22, 1609 on one of the Banda Islands, in an ambush set up by the islanders.〔Opstall, M.E. van, 1972. - De reis van de vloot van Pieter Willemsz Verhoeff naar Azië 1607-1612, p. 98 and 105. 's-Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff, 1972. - 298 p.: (Werken uitgegeven door de Linschoten-Vereeniging; no. 73) ISBN 90-247-1287-4.〕
In that same year, Jacques Specx directed two ships dispatched to establish the first official trade relations between the Netherlands and Japan. These ships, ''De Griffioen'' (the "Griffin", 19 cannons) and ''Roode Leeuw met Pijlen'' (the "Red lion with arrows", 400 tons, 26 cannons), arrived in Japan on July 2, 1609.〔Opstall, M.E. van, (1972) The voyage of the fleet of Pieter Willemsz Verhoeff to Asia, 1607-1612, p. 139-148.〕 The trade pass or ''shuinjō,'' was issued on 24 August 1609. The correlation to the Western calendar was made two centuries later by Hendrik Doeff, himself opperhoofd of Dejima from 1803 to 1817, and an anonymous Japanese interpreter. They hypothesized that the person it had been issued to, ''jiyakusu-kuruun-heike,'' corresponded not to Specx but to Groenewegen ((:χrunəʋeːχə); Japanese medial () was written ''h'' at the time). However, since this date postdates VOC records of Groenewegen's death on Banda, recent historians have suggested that ''jiyakusu-kuruun-heike'' may actually have been Specx, assuming an abbreviation ''Corn'' of his middle name Cornelisz,〔Johan Karel Jakob de Jonge & Marinus Lodewijk van Deventer (''De Opkomst van het Nederlandsch gezag in Oost-Indië ),'' Nijhoff publishers 1865, pp 293-4. (Dutch)〕〔Derek Massarella & Izumi K. Tytler, "The Japonian Charters:The English and Dutch Shuinjo", ''Monumenta Nipponica,'' Vol. 45, No. 2 (Summer, 1990), pp. 189-205〕 though this name, pronounced (:ʒɑk korn spɛks), is a poor fit to the Japanese.
==References==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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